အင်္ဂလိပ်တရားသူကြီးများနှင့်ကာလကတ္တားတရားလွှတ်တော်အကြောင်း

 ဆရာကြီးဦးမြသင်ကြားပို့ချချက်များ

အင်္ဂလိပ်တရားသူကြီးများနှင့်ကာလကတ္တားတရားလွှတ်တော်အကြောင်း

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တရားလွှတ်တော်အဆင့်တွင်ရုံးထိုင်ရန်တရားဝန်ကြီးရရှိရေးမှာခက်လှသည်မဟုတ်ပါ။

အင်္ဂလန်နိုင်ငံမှဝတ်လုံများကိုခန့်ထားဆောင်ရွက်စေခဲ့သည့်သာဓကများရှိခဲ့ပါသည်။

တရားရုံးချုပ်တွင်အင်္ဂလန်နိုင်ငံမှတရားသူကြီးအဖြစ်ခန့်ထားခဲ့သော Mr . Robinson သည်၊တရားလွှတ်တော်ကိုတည်ထောင်သောအခါတရားဝန်ကြီးချုပ်ဖြစ်လာခဲ့ပါသည်။

ကာလကတ္တားတရားလွှတ်တော်မှတရားဝန်ကြီး Mr. Page ကိုတရားလွှတ်တော်တရားဝန်ကြီးချုပ်အဖြစ်ပြောင်းရွှေ့ခန့်ထားခဲ့ပါသည်။

၁၉၃၆ခုနှစ်တွင်ထိုတရားဝန်ကြီးချုပ်အငြိမ်းစားယူသောအခါ၊အင်္ဂလန်နိုင်ငံမှ Mr . Roberts ကိုတရားလွှတ်တော်တရားသူကြီးချုပ်အဖြစ်တိုက်ရိုက်ခန့်ခဲ့ပါသည်။

ရန်ကုန်မြို့တရားလွှတ်တော်မှတရားဝန်ကြီး Mr. Leach ကိုမဒရပ်တရားလွှတ်တော်တရားဝန်ကြီးချုပ်အဖြစ်လည်းကောင်း၊ Mr. Young ကိုလားဟိုးတရားလွှတ်တော်တရားဝန်ကြီးချုပ်အဖြစ်လည်းကောင်းပြောင်းရွှေ့ခန့်ထားသည်များလည်းရှိပါသည်။

တဖက်တွင်ရန်ကုန်မြို့နှင့်မန္တလေးမြို့ကြီးမဟုတ်သော၊ခရိုင်မြို့မဟုတ်သော၊အခြားမြို့ကြီးမြို့ငယ်များတွင်၊အရည်အချင်းရှိသောရှေ့နေရှေ့ရပ်အများအပြားရှေ့နေလိုက်ရန်စဉ်းစားခဲ့ဟန်မတူ။

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အိန္ဒိယဥပဒေပညာရှင် AVIET AGABEG ရေးသားသော Constitution & Law . စာမျက်နှာ၆၂နှင့်၆၃တွင်၊အင်္ဂလိပ်တရားသူကြီး Hon . Sir Charles Edmund Fox နှင့် Mr . Justice Sydney Maddock Robinson တို့အကြောင်းကိုအောက်ပါအတိုင်းရေးသားဖော်ပြထားသည်-

Hon . Sir Charles Edmund Fox , Chief Judge of the Chief Court of Lower Burma , has had upwards of thirty years' experience in India.

He was born at St. John's, Newfoundland , in February , 1854 , and received his education in England , being called to the Bar at the Middle Temple in 1877 .

In the following year he sailed for Calcutta , and practised at the Bar of the High Court there until 1884 , in which year he was appointed Government Advocate , Burma .

Sixteen years later , he was appointed a Puisne Judge of the newly established Chief Court , and in 1906 was promoted to his present office .

Sir Charles Fox is president of the Educational Syndicate , president of the governing body of the Rangoon College , president of the Society for the Prevention of Crulety to Animals , and president of the Rangoon Leper Asylum Board , of which institution he was one of the originators in 1904.

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Mr . Justice Sydney Maddock Robinson is a barrister with more than twenty years' experience of Indian legal procedure.

Called to the Bar on January 26 , 1888 , when he was only twenty-two years of age , he began to practice in the Punjab in the following March .

Before receiving his present appointment as an Officiate Judge of the Chief Court of Lower Burma in January , 1908 , he served successively as Public Prosecutor , Junior Government Advocate , Givernment Advocate , and Legal Remembrancer to the Punjab Government .

He was educated at the Cathedral Grammar School , Hereford , and at Brasenose College , Oxford , where he took his degree in 1887 .

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အိန္ဒိယနိုင်ငံကာလကတ္တားတရားလွှတ်တော်ပေါ်ပေါက်လာပုံအကြောင်းကို၊အဆိုပါတရားလွှတ်တော်တွင်၊၁၉၇၃ခုနှစ်မှ၂၀၀၅ခုနှစ်အထိ၊ရှေ့နေအဖြစ်လည်းကောင်း၊တရားသူကြီးအဖြစ်လည်းကောင်းဆောင်ရွက်ခဲ့သူဥပဒေပညာရှင် (Altamas Kabir)က၎င်း၏အမှာစာတွင်အောက်ပါအတိုင်းရေးသားဖော်ပြသည်-

“The Sepoy uprising of 1857, which is also referred to as India's first war of independence against the British, was the beginning of Crown rule over British India which took over the administration being run by the East India Company. 

In the process, the existing judicial system underwent considerable changes. The Indian High Courts Act was enacted by the British Parliament in 1861 with the intention of replacing the Supreme Court and the Sadar Adalats and to establish High Courts in their place. 

The said Act empowered the Crown to establish the High Courts of Judicature in the three Presidency towns of Calcutta, Bombay and Madras. 

The Calcutta High Court was the first to be established by Royal Charter and by grant of Letters Patent on 144 May, 1862. By the said Letters Patent, the High Court of Judicature at Fort William was established in Bengal on and from 1" July, 1862.

Subsequently, the Letters Patent of 1862 was revoked and a fresh Letters Patent was published in 1865. 

With the coming into effect of the Constitution of India on 26' January, 1950, the High Court of Judicature at Fort William in Bengal was named as the High Court of Calcutta. 

The Calcutta High Court was thus the first of the Chartered High Courts and was followed by the establishment of the High Courts of Bombay and Madras at about the same time.

In its initial stage, the High Court exercised jurisdiction over territories stretching from the North West Frontier Province in the North-West to Assam in the North-East, encompassing within its jurisdiction Agra, Allahabad, Orissa, Bihar and Bengal. 

After independence and the formation of Pakistan, the territorial reach of the Calcutta High Court was lessened considerably and it now stands confined to West Bengal and the Union Territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, where it has a Circuit Bench.

The first Chief Justice of the Calcutta High Court was Sir Barnes Peacock.

Justice Sumboo Nath Pandit has the distinction of being its first Indian Judge and was followed by such great personalities as Sir Romesh Chundra Mitter, Sir Chunder Madhab Ghosh, Sir Gooroodas Banerji and Sir Asutosh Mookerjee. 

Justice Phani Bhushan Chakravartti was the first Indian to become a permanent Chief Justice of the Calcutta High Court and Justice Bijon Kumar Mookheri was the first Judge of the Calcutta High Court to become the Chief Justice of India. 

Justice Sudhir Ranjan Das was the first Judge of the Calcutta High Court who was elevated as the Chief Justice of another Court, when he was made the Chief Justice of the Punjab High Court in 1949. 

Subsequently, he became the second Chief Justice of India from the Calcutta High Court. The last Judge from the Calcutta High Court who became the Chief Justice of India was Justice Sabyasachi Mukherjee, who unfortunately did not live to complete his term in Office.”

ဥပဒေပညာရှင် Altamas Kabir က၊ကာလကတ္တားတရားလွှတ်တော်တွင်ရှေ့နေအဖြစ်ဆောင်ရွက်ခဲ့ပုံအကြောင်းကိုအောက်ပါအတိုင်းမှတ်တမ်းတင်သည်-

“Just as the Bench has seen some of the finest legal minds, the Calcutta Bar has also produced Advocates and Barristers of great eminence. 

It has seen legal giants, such as Radha Bend Pal, Rashbehary Ghose, Deshbandhu Chittaranjan Das and in more recent times, R.C. Deb, Shankar Das Baneriee, Ashok Sen, J.N. Ghosh, Siddhartha Shankar Ray, Sachin Chowdhury, P.P. Jinwala, Ranadeb Chaudhuri and others, who were second to none in the legal fraternity. 

Many of the great lawyers of the Calcutta High Court were great politicians and parliamentarians and their contribution to the Indian legal ethos is of no less significance.

During my stint as the Acing Chief Justice of the Calcutta High Court prior to my departure for Jharkhand, I used to sit in the Chief Justice's Chamber and look in awe at the pictures and photographs of the former Chief Justices of the Calcutta High Court beginning from Sir Barnes Peacock and contemplate on their contribution to the legal history of the Calcutta High Court, as also the development of law in the country. 

Two of the windows of the Chief Justice's Chamber open out to the West from where it was previously possible to get a glimpse of the Hooghly river. 

There used to be a stretch of land leading upto Strand Road, which was part of the Calcutta High Court, overlooking the water front. 

For whatever reason, the same was surrendered to the Government which made it over to the State Bank of India, which has constructed a structure of such proportions that not only has the view of river Hooghly been cut off completely, but there is almost a feeling of claustrophobia as if the gigantic State Bank building was crowding out the High Court.”

စာမျက်နှာ၁၃တွင်အောက်ပါအတိုင်းဆက်လက်ဖော်ပြသည်-

“My acquaintance with the Calcutta High Court goes back to the year 1973 when after having been enrolled as a Member of the Bar in 1973, I took my first hesitant steps in the legal profession. 

I remember when I first came to the High Court, it was with a feeling of awe and trepidation that I went to sit in Bar Association Room No.8, which had been designated for the newcomers to the profession. 

What I found was very depressing. Advocates of even 5 to 7 years standing at the Bar told me that they were uncertain about their earnings each month, even after 5 to 7 years of practice. 

With the passage of time, I came to realise that it was up to me to prove myself. 

By then on the invitation of Mr. Sekhar Basu, I had shifted to Room No.3 of the Bar Association where there was one long table which gave birth to the Long Table Club, of which we were all members. 

I never got a permanent place to sit in Room No.3 and some of us stood and had our meals during lunch hours, without a place to sit. 

The first time that I got a place to sit down in the Calcutta High Court precincts, which was exclusively mine, was when I was elevated as a Judge of the Calcutta High Court on 6' August, 1990, and as the junior-most Judge from the Bar, I was allotted the smallest chamber. 

Alongside me were Justice Tarun Chatterjee and Justice Ruma Pal who were ultimately elevated as Judges of the Supreme Court.

One of the grand events which used to take place in the Calcutta High Court and has since been discontinued with the changes in jurisdiction, was the commencement of Sessions Trials which the High Court was till then conducting.

Room No. 11 was the room in which the Sessions Trials were held and it was designed particularly for holding such trials with its Jury Box, the Prisoners' Enclosure and the Witness Box. 

The trial commenced with a procession led by the Sheriff of Calcutta with his staff of authority, followed by the Judge in Scarlet Robes and in turn followed by the Commissioner of Police, Calcutta, the Deputy Sheriff, the Registrar General and other officials of the Court bearing the Silver Mace for commencement of proceedings, which began with an exhortation from the back of the court room. 

If my memory serves me right, the last Sessions Trial which was conducted in the Calcutta High Court was that of Haridas Mundra in which at some stage I too had participated as the presiding Judge. 

I remember that the scarlet robe was comprised of a large number of segments which took almost half an hour to assemble on the body of the concerned Judge, not to speak of the wig.”

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ကာလကတ္တားတရားလွှတ်တော်၏လက်ရှိတရားသူကြီးချုပ် (J.N. Patel)က၊ Calcutta High Court၏တရားသူကြီးချုပ်များအကြောင်းကိုအောက်ပါအတိုင်းရေးသားမှတ်တမ်းတင်သည်-

“It is heartening to note that to commemorate the Sesquicentenary of the High Court at Calcutta, the first premier High Court in the country, after its Charter issued by the Crown on May 14, 1862 was published on July 1, 1862 and this High Court started functioning from July 2, 1862 the members of the bar, High Court at Calcutta, under the auspices of the Indian Law Institute (West Bengal State Unit) is going to bring out a Book, titled The High Court at Calcutta 150 Years: An Overview.

The rule of the law is the foundation of democratic society and judiciary is the guardian of the rule of law. 

Lawyers are an integral part of the judicial system. 

It is, indeed, a matter of great pride that this High Court has contributed to the country innumerable eminent Judges and jurists who have built up the great traditions of this High Court. 

To name only a few of them, I may remember the names of Hon'ble Sir Barnes Peacock, the first Chief Justice of this High Court (01/07/1862 - 26/04/1870), Hon'ble Mr. Justice Sumboo Nath Pandit, the first Indian Judge (02/02/1863 - 06/06/1867), Hon'ble Sir Richard Couch (26/04/1870 - 05/04/1875), Hon'ble Mr.Justice Ameer Ali (02/01/1890 - 14/04/1904), Hon'ble Sir Lawrence Hugh Jenkins (19/04/1909 - 13/11/1915), Hon'ble Mr. Justice Asutosh Mookerjee (06/06/1904-01/01/1924), Hon'ble Mr. Justice Z.R. Suhrawardy (25/02/1921 - 27/11/1931) and Mr. Justice Bijan Kumar Mukherjee (09/11/1936 - 14/10/1948), amongst many others, who were outstanding members of the judiciary of this High Court. 

I may also remember the names of some of the mighty talented and eminent jurists who practised in this High Court like, Lord S.P. Sinha, Sir Rashbehary Ghose, Sir Bend Mitter, Sir Tarak Nath Palit, Mr. W.C. Bonnerjee, Deshbandhu Chittaranjan Das, Mr.Sarat Chandra Bose, Mr. Atul Chandra Gupta and Mr. Subrata Roychowdhury (who was also a member of jurists in the International Court of Justice). 

It is a matter of pride that in this High Court the first President of Independent India, Dr. Rajendra Prasad. had started his career as a Vakil and remained associated with it for a number of years. 

I am delighted to know that Michael Madhusudan Dutt during his career as a Barrister was a member of the Bar and practised in this High Court.”

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၁၈၆၂ခုနှစ်မှ၂၀၁၀ပြည့်နှစ်အထိတရားလွှတ်တော်တရားသူကြီးချုပ်အဖြစ်တာဝန်ထမ်းဆောင်ခဲ့သူများ( THE CHIEF JUSTICES OF HIGH COURT AT CALCUTTA )အကြောင်းကိုစာမျက်နှာ၄၈၈မှ၄၉၈အထိမှတ်တမ်းဓာတ်ပုံများဖြင့်ဝေဝေဆာဆာဖော်ပြထားသည်-

Names.                                                                                              Period

I.Hon’ble  Sir Barnes Peacock,Kt.                                              1862-1870

2.Hon’ble Sir Richard Couch.Kt.                                                1870-1875

3.Hon’ble Sir Richard Garth. Kt.                                                 1875-1886

4.Hon’ble  Sir Comer Petheram. Kt.                                           1886-1896

5.Hon’ble  Sir Francis Maclean, K.C.I.E.                                     1896-1909

6.Hon’ble  Sir Lawrence Jenkins.K.C.I.E.                                   1909-1915

7.Hon’ble  Sir Lancelot Sanderson.Kt.K.C.                                1915-1926

8.Hon’ble  Sir George Rankin                                                      1926-1934

9.Hon’ble  Sir Harold Derbyshire,M.C.K.C.                                1934-1946

10.Hon’ble  Sir Arthur Trevor Harries, Kt.                                   1946-1952

11.Hon’ble  Mr.Justice Phani Bhusan Chakravartti                     1952-1958

12.Hon’ble  Mr. Justice Kulada Charan Das Gupta                    1958-1959

13.Hon’ble  Mr.Justice Surajit  Chandra Lahiri                            1959-1961

14.Hon’ble Mr.Justice  Himansu  Kumar-Bose                            1961-1966

15.Hon’ble  Mr. Justice Deep Narayan Saha                                1966-1970

16.Hon’ble  Mr.Justice Prasanta Bihari Mukherji                          1970-1972

I7.Hon’ble  Mr. Justice Sankar Prasad Mitra                                  1972-1979

18.Hon’ble  Mr Justice Amarendra Nath  Sen                                1979-1981

19.Hon’ble  Mr. Justice Sambhu  Chandra Ghose   

26.8.1981-31.12.1982

20.Hon’ble Mr. Justice Samarendra Chandra Deb  

1. 1.1983-1.3.1983

21. Honible Mr. Justice Satish Chandra                

30.11.1983-31.3.1986

22.Hon’ble  Mr. Justice Anil KumarSen                  

2.9.1986-31.10.1986

13.Hon’ble  Mr. Justice Chittatosh Mookherjee       

1.11.1986-1.11.1987

24.Hon’ble Mr. Justice Debi Singh Tewatia            

2.11.1987-1.5.1988

25.Hon’ble Mr. Justice Prabodh Dinkarrao Desai    

14.11.1988-6.1.1991

26.Hon’ble Mr Justice Nagendra Prasad Singh      

4.2.1991-14.6.1992

27.Hon’ble Mr. Justice Anandamay Bhattacharjee    

25.1.1993-10.4.1994

28.Hon’ble  Mr. Justice Krishna Chandra Agrawal       

12.4.1994-14.1.1996

29.Hon’ble  Mr. Justice Visheswat  Nath Khare         

2.2.1996-19.3.1997

30.Hon’ble Mr. Justice Prabha Shankar Mishra         

28.10.1997-14.7.1998

31.Hon’ble Mr. Justice Ashok Kumar Mathur        

22.12.1999-6.6.2004

32.Hon’ble Mr. Justice Vikas Shridhar Sirpukar    

20.3.2005-12.1.2007

33.Hon’ble Mr.Justice Surinder Singh Nijjar            

7.3.2007-16.11.2009

34.Hon’ble Mr. Justice Mohit Shantitlal Shah         

24.12.2009 - 25.6.2010

35.Hon’ble Mr.Justice Jainarayan Patel                

26.6.2010-