တရားမကျင့်ထုံးဥပဒေပုဒ်မ၁၀၇(၁)တွင်ပြဌာန်းထားသောအယူခံတရားရုံး၏အာဏာများ
ဆရာကြီးဦးမြသင်ကြားပို့ချချက်များ
တရားမကျင့်ထုံးဥပဒေပုဒ်မ၁၀၇(၁)တွင်ပြဌာန်းထားသောအယူခံတရားရုံး၏အာဏာများမှာအောက်ပါအတိုင်းဖြစ်သည်-
(က)အမှုကိုအပြီးသတ်ဆုံးဖြတ်ပိုင်ခွင့်
(to determine a case finally)
(ခ)အမှုကိုပြန်လည်စစ်ဆေးပိုင်ခွင့်
(to remand a case)
(ဂ)ငြင်းချက်များထုတ်၍စစ်ဆေးပိုင်ခွင့်
(to frame issues and refer them for trial)
(ဃ)နောက်ထပ်သက်သေခံချက်ရယူပိုင်ခွင့်သို့မဟုတ်ထိုသို့ရယူရန်ဆင့်ဆိုပိုင်ခွင့်
(to take additional evidence or to require such evidence to be taken)
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ပုဒ်မခွဲ(က)ပါ"a case"သည်အယူခံတရားရုံးသို့ဝင်ရောက်သောအမှု(case)ဖြစ်သည်။
အယူခံ(appeal)မဟုတ်။
အယူခံဝင်သည့်အမှုကိုအပြီးသတ်စီရင်သောအဆုံးအဖြတ်ဖြစ်သည်။
အယူခံမှုကိုအပြီးသတ်စီရင်သောအဆုံးအဖြတ်မဟုတ်။
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ပုဒ်မခွဲ(ခ)အရချမှတ်သော"remand"အမိန့်သည်ပုဒ်မခွဲ(က)တွင်အကျုံးမဝင်။
ထိုအမိန့်သည်အပြီးသတ်အမိန့်မဟုတ်ကြောင်းပုဒ်မခွဲ(က)နှင့်(ခ)ပါကွဲပြားသောအာဏာများအရပေါ်လွင်သည်။
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တရားမကျင့်ထုံးဥပဒေပုဒ်မ၁၀၇(က)ပါအမှု(case)သည်၊တရားမကြီးမှု(suit)အပြင်၊ဇာရီမှု၊ပုဒ်မ၁၄၄အရလျှောက်ထားမှု၊သေတမ်းစာအတည်ပြုမှုများ၊အုပ်ထိန်းမှုဆိုင်ရာအမှုများ၊အင်ဆော်လဝင်စီမှုများနှင့်အခြားမှုခင်းများအကျုံးဝင်သည်။
မသန်းစိန်အမှု၊၁၉၄၁၊ရန်ကုန်၊၂၄၆ကိုကြည့်ပါ။
သေတမ်းစာအတည်ပြုမှုများအစရှိသည့်အမှုများတွင်ချမှတ်သောအမိန့်များမှာ၊ဒီကရီများမဟုတ်ဘဲအမိန့်များသာဖြစ်ကြသည်။
တရားမကျင့်ထုံးဥပဒေပုဒ်မ၁၀၉(က)ပါအပြီးသတ်အမိန့်သည်၊အယူခံတွင်တရားလွှတ်တော်က၊တရားမကျင့်ထုံးဥပဒေပုဒ်မ၁၀၇(၁)ပါအခွင့်အာဏာများကိုသုံးစွဲချမှတ်သောအဆုံးအဖြတ်(၄)ရပ်အနက်၊ပုဒ်မခွဲ(၁)(က)အရချမှတ်သောအမိန့်မျိုးကိုဆိုလိုသည်။
တရားမကျင့်ထုံးဥပဒေပုဒ်မ၁၀၇(၁)(ခ)မှ(ဃ)ပါအမိန့်များကိုထောက်ထားဆင်ခြင်ပါက၊ထိုသို့ပေါ်လွင်သည်ကိုအတိုင်းသားတွေ့မြင်နိုင်သည်။
တုတ်ထမ်းငြင်းရလောက်သောဥပဒေပြဿနာမဟုတ်ပါချေ။
ယာယီတားဝရမ်းလျှောက်ထားခြင်းသည်သီးခြားအမှုဖြစ်သည်။
တရားရုံးများလက်စွဲအပိုဒ်၂၈၄ပါညွှန်ကြားချက်အရ၊ထိုကိစ္စကိုတရားမကြီးမှုတွင်ဆောင်ရွက်ရခြင်းဖြစ်သည်။
ယာယီတားဝရမ်းထုတ်ပေးခြင်းသည်၊တရားမကျင့်ထုံးဥပဒေအမိန့်၃၉နှင့်သက်ဆိုင်ပြီး၊ထာဝရတားဝရမ်းထုတ်ပေးသည့်ကိစ္စမှာမူ၊သီးခြားသက်သာခွင့်အက်ဥပဒေပုဒ်မ၅၄ပါသီးခြားပြဌာန်းချက်နှင့်သက်ဆိုင်သည်။
ယာယီတားဝရမ်းထုတ်ဆင့်သောအမိန့်ကိုချမှတ်ပြီးနောက်တရားမကြီးမှုကိုဆက်လက်စစ်ဆေးဆုံးဖြတ်ရန်ရှိသည်မှာမှန်၏။
သို့ရာတွင်ဆက်လက်အဆုံးအဖြတ်ပေးရမည့်ကိစ္စသည်ယာယီတားဝရမ်းထုတ်ဆင့်ခြင်းကိစ္စနှင့်မသက်ဆိုင်။
မူလတရားရုံးကထုတ်ဆင့်သောယာယီတားဝရမ်းကိုအယူခံအမှုတွင်ပယ်ဖျက်လိုက်သောအမိန့်သည်၊မူလအမှုကြီးပါအငြင်းပွားမှုနှင့်အဓိကအားဖြင့်မဆိုင်။
ယာယီတားဝရမ်းထုတ်သင့်မသင့်ပြဿနာနှင့်စပ်လျဉ်း၍အမှုသည်တို့၏အခွင့်အရေးတို့ကို၊တရားမကျင့်ထုံးဥပဒေပုဒ်မ၁၀၇(က)၏အဓိပ္ပာယ်အရအပြီးသတ်ဆုံးဖြတ်ခြင်းဖြစ်သည်။
တနည်းဆိုရသော်မူလတရားရုံးကယာယီတားဝရမ်းထုတ်သင့်ကြောင်း၊မထုတ်သင့်ကြောင်းချမှတ်သောအမိန့်ကိုတရားမကျင့်ထုံးဥပဒေအမိန့်၄၃၊နည်း၁(ဒ)အရတင်သွင်းသည့်အယူခံတွင်၊တရားမကျင့်ထုံးဥပဒေပုဒ်မ၁၀၇(က)အရ၊ရရှိသောအခွင့်အာဏာအရတရားလွှတ်တော်၊သို့မဟုတ်၊ပြည်ထောင်စုတရားလွှတ်တော်ချုပ်ကအောက်တရားရုံး၏အမိန့်ကိုအတည်ပြုသော၊သို့မဟုတ်၊ပယ်ဖျက်သောအမိန့်သည်၊တရားမကျင့်ထုံးဥပဒေပုဒ်မ၁၀၉အလို့ငှာလည်းကောင်း၊ပြည်ထောင်စုတရားစီရင်ရေးဥပဒေပုဒ်မ၁၉အလို့ငှာလည်းကောင်းအပြီးသတ်အမိန့်ဖြစ်သည်။
အပြီးသတ်အမိန့်မဟုတ်ဟုဆိုပါလျှင်-
တရားမကျင့်ထုံးဥပဒေပုဒ်မ၁၀၇(၁)(က)ပါ"finally"ဟူသောစကားလုံးကိုမျက်ကွယ်ပြုရာရောက်ပေလိမ့်မည်။
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တရားမကျင့်ထုံးဥပဒေပုဒ်မ၁၀၇(၁)(ဃ)တွင်ပြဌာန်းထားသောအယူခံတရားရုံး၏အာဏာနှင့်နောက်ထပ်သက်သေခံချက်ရယူပိုင်ခွင့်သို့မဟုတ်ထိုသို့ရယူရန်ဆင့်ဆိုပိုင်ခွင့်နှင့်ပတ်သက်၍၊ National Law University and Judicial Academy, Assam မှ၊ဥပဒေကျောင်းသား KRISHNA KANT JAIN ရေးသားပြုစုသောသုတေသနစာတမ်းအားဗဟုသုတအလို့ငှါမျှဝေလိုက်ပါသည်။
ABSTRACT
“As a general rule, the Appellate Court should not admit additional evidence for the purpose of the disposal of an appeal, and the parties are not entitled to produce additional evidence, whether oral or documentary in the appellate court.
Sub-rule I of Rule 27 also reads thus “The parties to an appeal shall not be entitled to produce additional evidence, whether oral or documentary, in the appellate court.”
The Code, however under this rule empowers an appellate court to take additional evidence subject to certain conditions.
The power is discretionary and must be exercised on sound judicial principles and in the interest of justice.”
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INTRODUCTION
"The provisions of S.107 as elucidated by 0.41, R.27 are clearly not intended to allow a litigant who has been unsuccessful in the lower Court to patch up the weak parts of his case and fill up omissions in the Court of appeal.
Under R.27, CI. (1) (b) it is only where the appellate Court "requires" it (ie. finds it needful).
The legitimate occasion for the exercise of this discretion is not whenever before the appeal is heard a party applies to adduce fresh evidence, but "when on examining the evidence as it stands, some inherent lacuna or defect becomes apparent", it may well be that the defect may be pointed out by a party, or that a party may move the Court to apply the defect, but the requirement must be the requirement of the court upon its appreciation of evidence as it stands.
Wherever the Court adopts this procedure it is bound by R. 27(2) to record its reasons for so doing, and under R.29 must specify the points to which the evidence is to be confined and record on its proceedings the points so specified.
The power so conferred upon the Court by the Code ought to be very sparingly exercised and one requirement at least of any new evidence to be adduced should be that it should have a direct and important bearing on a main issue in the case...( 1 ) Indirajit Pratab Sahi v. Amar Singh, AIR 1928 P.C. 128 See also: Parsotim Thakur & Ors. v. Lal Mohar Thakur & Ors., AIR 1931 PC 143
The parties to an appeal shall not be entitled to produce additional evidence in the appellate court unless the conditions stipulated under Order 41 Rule 27 Code of Civil Procedure as trial court had refused to admit the said evidence which ought to have been admitted.
If Appellant that the evidence was not within his knowledge or could not, after the exercise of due diligence, can be produced by him during pendency of the suit before the trial court.
On the other hand, it is vehemently contended that the said evidence was filed but was omitted to be tendered in evidence and got exhibited in the suit.
If the lower appellate court elaborately considers the factual matrix and not satisfied any of the conditions stipulated under Order 41 Rule 27 hence not entitled to produce additional evidence”
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စာတမ်းပြုစုသူ၏ရည်ရွယ်ချက်မှာအောက်ပါအတိုင်းဖြစ်သည်-
Aim
The aim of this research project is to understand the admissibility of evidence in appellate court under section 107 (1) (d) and Order LXI Rule 27-29.
Objectives
The objectives of this project are:
1. To understand the power of appellate court
2. To understand the condition of admissibility of additional evidence.
Scope and Limitation
The scope of this project is limited to the power of appellate court under section 107 (1)(d) and Order 41 rule 27-29 of Civil Procedure Code.
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မှီငြမ်းကိုးကားသောကျမ်းများမှာအောက်ပါအတိုင်းဖြစ်သည်-
Review of Literature
Dinshaw Fardunji Mulla, THE CODE OF CIVIL PROCEDURE, 18'" ed. 2011, Lexis Nexis Butterworths.
This book provides the broad view on the concept of Power of Appellate court.
It Provide the commentary of the concept section and order wise.
It help author to understand the depth analysis on review and revision provision under this code.
It provides the various grounds for exercising jurisdiction of review and revision by respective court.
Last but not the least it enlightens the various judgement regarding the concept.
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C.K. Takwani, CIVIL PROCEDURE CODE WITH LIMITAITON ACT, 1963 8' ed. 2017, Eastern Book Company
This book helps the author to understand provisions relating to section 107 and Rule 27-29.
It gives the brief but in-depth analysis of each and every concept.
This book gives the clear understanding of the concept.
This book explains the concept with the help of good no. of case laws.
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Appeal and Additional Evidence အကြောင်းကို၊စာတမ်းပြုစုသူကစာမျက်နှာ၃နှင့်၄တွင်အောက်ပါအတိုင်းခွဲခြားပြဆိုသည်-
Appeal and Additional Evidence
The expression 'appeal' has not been defined in the Code of Civil Procedure, but it may be defined as "the judicial examination of the decision by a higher court of the decision of an inferior court". as stated -
"There is no definition of appeal in the Code of Civil Procedure, but their Lordships have no doubt that any application by a party to an appellate court, asking to set aside or reverse a decision of a subordinate court, is an appeal within the ordinary acceptation of the term.
It means removal of a cause from an inferior court to a superior court for the purpose of testing the soundness of the decision of the inferior court.
It is thus a remedy provided by law for getting the decree of the lower court set aside.
In other words, it is a complaint made to the higher court that the decree passed by the lower court is unsound and wrong.
It is a right of entering a superior court and invoking its aid and interposition to redress an error of the court below"
There is a fundamental distinction between the right to file a suit and the right to file an appeal.
The said distinction has been appropriately explained by the Hon'ble Supreme Court in Ganga Bai Vs Vijay Kumar, AIR 1974 SC 1126 in the following words:
"There is a basic distinction between the right of suit and right of appeal.
There is an inherent right in every person to bring a suit of a civil nature and unless the suit is barred by statute one may, at one's peril, bring a suit of one's choice.
It is no answer to a suit, howsoever frivolous the claim, that the law confers no such right to sue.
An appeal is a continuation of a suit as observed by the Hon'ble Supreme Court in Gadikapati Vs Subbaiah Chowdary.( AIR 1957 SC 540)
A decree passed by an appellate court would be construed to be a decree passed by the appellant court for the first instance.
An appeal is virtually a hearing of the matter.
The appellate court possesses the same powers and duties as the original court.
In Dayawati Vs Inderjit*(AIR 1966 SC 1423)speaking for the Hon'ble Supreme Court, Justice Hidayatullah stated as follows:
"An appeal has been said to be 'the right of entering a superior court, and invoking its aid and interposition to redress the error of the Court below'.
The only difference between a suit and an appeal is that an appeal 'only reviews and corrects the proceedings in a cause already constituted but does not create the cause"
In Garikapati Vs Subbaiah Chowdary (AIR 1957 SC 540) the Hon'ble Supreme Court referring to various leading decisions on the subject laid down the following principles relating to a right of appeal:
( i )That the legal pursuit of a remedy, suit, appeal and second appeal are really but steps in a series of proceedings all connected by an intrinsic unity and are to be regarded as one legal proceeding.
(ii )The right of appeal is not a more matter of procedure but is a substantive right.
"It is open to a litigant to refrain from producing any document that he considers irrelevant; if the other litigant is dissatisfied, it is for him to apply for interrogatories/inspections and production of documents.
If he fails to do so, neither he nor the Court at his suggestion, is entitled to draw any inference as to the contents of any such documents.(Mt. Bilas Kunwar v. Desraj Ranjit Singh, AIR 1915 PC 96)
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တရားစီရင်ရေးလွဲမှားတိမ်းစောင်းမှု (Miscarriage of Justice)အကြောင်းကိုစာတမ်းပြုစုသူက၊စာမျက်နှာ၄နှင့်၅တွင်အောက်ပါအတိုင်းပြဆိုသည်-
Miscarriage of Justice
“.... that miscarriage of justice means such a departure from the rules which permeate all judicial procedure as to make that which happen not in the proper sense of the word judicial procedure'at all.
That the violation of some principles of law or procedure must be such erroneous proposition of law that if that proposition to be corrected, the finding cannot stand, or it may be the neglect of some principle of law or procedure, whose application will have the same effect.
The question whether there is evidence on which the Courts could arrive at their finding, is such a question of law.
"That the question of admissibility of evidence is a proposition of law but it must be such as to affect materially the finding.
The question of the value of evidence is not sufficient reason for departure from the practice......”
There is no prohibition to entertain a second appeal even on question of fact provided the Court is satisfied that the findings of the courts below were vitiated by non-consideration of relevant evidence or by showing erroneous approach to the matter and findings recorded in the court below are perverse.( 7 ) Jagdish Singh v. Nathu Singh, AIR 1992 SC 1604 see also: Smt. Prativa Devi (Smt.) v. T.V. Krishnan, (1996) 5 SCC 353; Satya Gupta (Smt.) Madhu Gupta v. Brijesh Kumar, (1998) 6 SCC 423; Ragavendra Kumar v. Firm Prem Machinary & Co., AIR 2000 SC 534; Molar Mal (dead) through Lrs. v. M/s. Kay Iron Works Pvt. Ltd., AIR 2000 SC 1261; Bharatha Matha & Anr. v. R. Vijaya Renganathan & Ors., AIR 2010 SC 2685; and Dinesh Kumar v. Yusuf Ali, (2010) 12 SCC740.
Declaration of relief is always discretionary.
If the discretion is not exercised by the lower court "in the spirit of the statute or fairly or honestly or according to the rules of reason and justice”, the order passed by the lower court can be reversed by the superior court.( 8 ) Mysore State Road Transport Corporation v. Mirja Khasim Ali Beg & An., AIR 1977 SC 747
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