ပဋိညာဉ်အက်ဥပဒေပုဒ်မ ၁၉ နှင့် ၁၉-က ပါအခွင့်အရေးအကြောင်း[ ခ ]
ဆရာကြီးဦးမြသင်ကြားပို့ချချက်များ
ပဋိညာဉ်အက်ဥပဒေပုဒ်မ ၁၉ နှင့် ၁၉-က ပါအခွင့်အရေးအကြောင်း[ ခ ]
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ပဋိညာဉ်အက်ဥပဒေပုဒ်မ ၁၉-က ကို ၁၈၉၉ ခုနှစ်ဥပဒေအမှတ် ၆ အရထည့်သွင်းသည်။
ထိုသို့ဖြည့်စွက်ရခြင်းနှင့်စပ်လျဉ်း၍ဥပဒေစိစစ်ရေးကော်မတီကအောက်ပါအတိုင်းအကြောင်းပြသည်-
[ ပုဒ်မ ၁၉ ပါအရေးအသားနှင့်ပိုမိုညီညွတ်စေရန်အလို့ငှါဥပဒေကြမ်းအပိုဒ် ၃ တွင်အဆိုပြုထားသည့်အတိုင်း ၁၈၇၂ ခုနှစ်အက်ဥပဒေပုဒ်မ ၁၉-က အသစ်၏အရေးအသားကိုပြန်လည်ပြင်ဆင်ခဲ့သည်။
မလျော်ဩဇာသုံး၍ရရှိသောပဋိညာဉ်သည်လိမ်လည်လှည့်ဖြား၍ရရှိသောပဋိညာဉ်နှင့်အခြေခံချင်းမတူ။
လိမ်လည်လှည့်ဖြားသည့်ကိစ္စတွင်လိမ်လည်လှည့်ဖြားကြောင်းသိလျက်ပဋိညာဉ်အရအမြတ်ထုတ်ခဲ့သောသူသည်ပဋိညာဉ်ကိုအတည်ပြုရန်ရွေးချယ်ခဲ့သည်ဟုကောက်ယူသည်။
သို့ရာတွင်ပဋိညာဉ်ကိုမလျော်ဩဇာသုံး၍ချုပ်ဆိုသည့်ကိစ္စတွင်မူမလျော်ဩဇာသုံးခြင်းခံရခြင်းကြောင့်အရေးယူဆောင်ရွက်ခဲ့ရသောသူသည်ပဋိညာဉ်အရအကျိုးကျေးဇူးတစုံတရာရရှိပြီးဖြစ်စေကာမူထိုသူအားသက်သာခွင့်ပေးနိုင်ရန်တရားရုံးတွင်အခွင့်အာဏာရှိရန်လိုအပ်သည်။
တဖက်တွင်ထိုသို့အကျိုးကျေးဇူးရရှိပြီးဖြစ်သည့်ကိစ္စ၌သက်သာခွင့်တောင်းသောအမှုသည်အပေါ်တရားမျှတသည့်စည်းကမ်းချက်များသတ်မှတ်နိုင်ရန်တရားရုံးတွင်အခွင့်အာဏာအပြည့်အဝရှိသင့်သည်။ ]
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လိမ်လည်လှည့်ဖြားကြောင်းသက်သေထူရန်လိုအပ်ခြင်း။
တရားမမှုတွင်ဖြစ်စေ၊ရာဇဝတ်မှုတွင်ဖြစ်စေစွပ်စွဲသောလိမ်လည်လှည့်ဖြားခြင်းကိုပြစ်မှုကြောင်းအရစွဲဆိုသောအခြားစွပ်စွဲမှုမှာကဲ့သို့ပင်ယုတ္တိရှိသောသံသယကင်းရှင်းသည်အထိအခိုင်အမာပြရမည်။
လိမ်လည်လှည့်ဖြားကြောင်းကောက်ယူချက်ကိုသင်္ကာမကင်းမှုသို့မဟုတ်ရော်ရမ်းမှန်းဆချက်အပေါ်အခြေခံ၍မရနိုင်။
1946 RLR 213 ( P C )
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အကျိုးဆက်ခံသူကတရားစွဲဆိုခွင့်။
လိမ်လည်လှည့်ဖြား၍ဖြစ်စေ၊မလျော်ဩဇာသုံး၍ဖြစ်စေစာချုပ်ချုပ်ဆိုလျှင်တရားဝင်ကိုယ်စားလှယ်သည်စာချုပ်ကိုပယ်ဖျက်ပေးရန်တရားစွဲဆိုနိုင်သည်။
AIR 1927 Bombay 384
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1946 RANGOON LAW REPORTS ( PC ) 213 ( 220 )
PRIVY COUNCIL.
A.L.N. NARAYANAN CHETTYAR
vs.
OFFICIAL ASSIGNEE OF THE HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT RANGOON
Privy Council Appeal No. 32 of 1940
Present: LORD ATKIN, LORD RUSSEL OF KILLOWEN, LORD ROMER and MR. GEORGE RANKIN.
J.C. 1941 May 27.
အမှုတွင်ပရီဗီကောင်စီခုံရုံးက၊တရားမမှုတွင်ဖြစ်စေ၊ရာဇဝတ်မှုတွင်ဖြစ်စေစွပ်စွဲသောလိမ်လည်လှည့်ဖြားခြင်းကိုပြစ်မှုကြောင်းအရစွဲဆိုသောအခြားစွပ်စွဲမှုမှာကဲ့သို့ပင်ယုတ္တိရှိသောသံသယကင်းရှင်းသည်အထိအခိုင်အမာပြရမည်။
လိမ်လည်လှည့်ဖြားကြောင်းကောက်ယူချက်ကိုသင်္ကာမကင်းမှုသို့မဟုတ်ရော်ရမ်းမှန်းဆချက်အပေါ်
အခြေခံ၍မရနိုင်ကြောင်းအောက်ပါအတိုင်းဆုံးဖြတ်သည်-
[ Held: Fraud, like any other charge of a criminal ofence, whether made civil or criminal proceedings, must be established beyond reasonable doubt.
A finding of fraud cannot be based on suspicion and conjecture.
Where a witness had given evidence o1 commission at an early stage of a case and his evidence is the first indication of the actual case of a party and the parly affected applied for his further cross-examination with reference to entries in books which was refuser, his evidence is obviousiy of less weight than if it had been fully tested. ]
ပရီဗီကောင်စီအဖွဲ့ဝင်တရားသူကြီး LORD ATKIN ကစီရင်ထုံးစာမျက်နှာ ၂၁၉ နှင့် ၂၂၀ တွင်အောက်ပါအတိုင်းသုံးသပ်ဆုံးဖြတ်သည်-
[ Their Lordships would be reluctant to decide the case on any technical objection that the evidence as to the cheques was inadmissible in their absence.
But on the evidence as it stood there was so little reliable evidence to connect Kasi with the alleged dealings with the bank on and after January 6 that the case of fraud must fail.
There are other difficulties in the plaintiffs' way which have been sufficiently considered in the judgments of the High Court.
Fraud of this nature, like any other charge of a criminal offence whether made in civil or criminal proceedings, must be established beyond reasonable doubt.
The High Court were justified in holding that the trial Judge's finding was largely based on suspicion and conjecture.
There were documents unaccounted for which would conclusively prove the issue one way or the other.
In their absence the High Court's decision on the merits was right and cannot be disturbed.
Their Lordships will humbly advise His Majesty that the' appeal be dismissed.
The appellants must pay the costs of the appeal. ]
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Shravan Goba Mahajan
vs
Kashiram Devji
on 27 July, 1926
Equivalent citations:(1927)29 BOMLR 115, AIR 1927 BOMBAY 384
JUDGMENT
Amberson Marten, C.J.
အမှုတွင်လိမ်လည်လှည့်ဖြား၍ဖြစ်စေ၊မလျော်ဩဇာသုံး၍ဖြစ်စေစာချုပ်ချုပ်ဆိုလျှင်တရားဝင်
ကိုယ်စားလှယ်သည်စာချုပ်ကိုပယ်ဖျက်ပေးရန်တရားစွဲဆိုနိုင်ကြောင်း Bombay တရားလွှတ်တော်
တရားသူကြီး Patkar, J.ကစီရင်ချက်စာမျက်နှာ ၄၊ အပိုဒ် ၁၆ နှင့် ၁၇ တို့တွင်အောက်ပါအတိုင်းသုံးသပ်ဆုံးဖြတ်သည်-
[ 16. Accordingly, in the view we take it is not strictly necessary to give a decision as to whether, if the case did not fall within the above section of the Indian Trusts Act, the suit would be maintainable under the sections of the Indian Contract Act, But as the point has been argued, I have no hesitation in expressing my individual opinion that, having regard to the subsequent sections in the Indian Contract Act which- clearly contemplate that in certain eases the benefit and burden of promises shall devolve on legal representatives, that would also be the case as regards the right given by Section 19 or 19A.
I refer in particular to Sections 37, 42 and 45. In this connection it may be pointed out that the appellant is forced in argument to go to this length that the legal representatives cannot take advantage of either branch of Section 19.
The result, therefore, would be that if a man was defrauded or induced to enter into a contract by fraud and died the next day, his representatives could not avoid the contract under the first part of Section 19.
Nor could they even under the second branch insist that the contract should be performed on the basis that the representations made were true.
On what principle of justice or equity that construction should be put on Section 19 or on the corresponding Section 19A I entirely fail to see.
No authority going to this length has been cited to us, and speaking for myself, I decline to bo the first Judge to adopt what seems to me a forced, unnatural, and unjust construction of this Act.
17. Accordingly, in our view this suit is maintainable by the representatives of the deceased.
It is not suggested to us that the terms of the order were in any way wrong having regard to the view which the learned Judge took of the facts and the law.
Accordingly, the appeal from that decision, which, we think, was the right decision, will be dismissed with costs. ]
Bombay တရားလွှတ်တော်တရားသူကြီးချုပ် Amberson Marten, C.J. က၎င်း၏အမြင်ကိုစီရင်ချက်စာမျက်နှာ ၄ နှင့် ၅၊အပိုဒ် ၁၈၊၁၉၊၂၀ နှင့် ၂၁ တို့တွင်အောက်ပါအတိုင်းဖော်ပြသည်-
[ 18. [After setting out the facts his Lordship proceeded.-] The next point argued by Diwan Bahadur Rao is that even though this document was voidable on account of misrepresentation or fraud by defendant No. 1, the plaintiffs as the heirs of Dashrath cannot impugn it.
He relied on the decisions in Mahmad Allibhai v. Udesingji, (1917) First Appeal No. 254 of 1915, decided by Scott C.J. and Batchelor J. on August 29, 1917 (Unrep.) Rangnath Sakharam v, Govind Narasinv (1904) I.L.R. 28 Bom. 639, s.c. 6 Bom. L.R. 592 and Govind Ramaji v. Savitri (1918) I.L.R. 43 Bom, 173, s.c. 20 Bom. L.R. 911.
The case in Mahmad Allibhai v. Udesingji can be easily distinguished on the ground that the heirs who sued were disabled on account of laches and acquiescence from disputing the transaction because the persons who were parties to the document had acted upon it for a long time.
The case of Rangnath Sakharam v. Govind does not directly deal with the point under consideration.
The case of Govind Ramaji v. Savitri is more in favour of the respondents, if defendant No. 1 be considered to have acquired the property by using his fiduciary position for his own advantage.
19. The law is clearly laid down in Halsbury's Laws of England, Vol. XV, p. 106, para. 209, and the cases therein cited bear out the contention that a suit can bo brought by a legal representative to set aside a document which has been induced by fraud or undue influence.
I may refer to the cases of Gresley v. Mousley (1859) 4 De G. & J. 78; Holman v. Loynes (1854) 4 De G.M. & G. 270; Morley v. Laughnan [1893] I Ch. 736 and Allcard v. Skinner (1887) 36 Ch. D. 145, 187.
To the same effect is the case of Twycross v. Grant. (1878) L.R. 4 C.P.D. 40 I think that Section 35 of the Specific Relief Act also supports this contention.
Section 35 says: "Any person interested in a contract in writing may sue to have it rescinded, and such rescission may be adjudged by the Court."
The wording of the section is not that a party to a contract may sue to have it rescinded, but any person who is interested in a contract in writing may do so.
I think the heir is a person interested in a contract in writing which is sought to be set aside.
20. I think, therefore, that the suit lies in this case at the instance of the plaintiffs who are the heirs of Dashrath.
On the merits of the case we have reached the conclusion that Mharu is a reliable witness and that the sale-deed was passed by Dashrath on the false representation of defendant No. 1.
We, therefore, think that the view of the lower Court is correct, and that this appeal should be dismissed with costs.
21. I wish to add that I agree in particular with what Mr. Justice Patkar has said with reference
to the Specific Relief Act.
I had intended to refer to that Act. ]
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